How Orthodontic Treatment Works: Braces, Aligners, and More

Orthodontic treatment has come a long way from the days of bulky metal braces and long, uncomfortable appointments. Today, patients have more options than ever to achieve a straighter, healthier smile—whether through traditional braces, clear aligners, or other modern orthodontic solutions. But how exactly do these treatments work? And how do orthodontists determine which one is right for you?

This article breaks down the science and process behind orthodontic treatment, exploring how different methods—braces, aligners, and more—move your teeth into their ideal positions.

Table of Contents

What Is Orthodontic Treatment?

Orthodontics is a specialized branch of dentistry focused on diagnosing, preventing, and correcting misaligned teeth and jaws. These issues may include:

Crooked or crowded teeth
Overbites or underbites
Crossbites or open bites
Gaps between teeth
Jaw alignment issues

Orthodontic treatment not only improves the appearance of your smile but also contributes to better oral health by making teeth easier to clean and reducing strain on the jaw and facial muscles.

How Orthodontic Treatment Works

Orthodontic devices—whether fixed (like braces) or removable (like aligners)—apply gentle, controlled force to teeth over time. This pressure gradually moves teeth into better alignment by remodeling the surrounding bone tissue.

Your teeth are not directly attached to your jawbone. Each tooth is supported by a periodontal ligament, which allows for slight movement. Orthodontic appliances take advantage of this flexibility to guide teeth into their proper places.

Traditional Braces: The Classic Method

Braces are still one of the most effective and widely used forms of orthodontic treatment, especially for complex cases.

Components of braces include:

Brackets: Small metal or ceramic squares bonded to each tooth.
Archwire: A wire that runs through the brackets and provides the main source of pressure.
Elastic bands: Sometimes used to adjust bite or jaw alignment.

Orthodontists adjust the archwire and components during regular appointments (usually every 4–6 weeks) to keep the pressure constant and move the teeth in the desired direction.

Braces are extremely versatile and can treat even severe misalignments. Treatment time typically ranges from 18 to 36 months, depending on the case.

Clear Aligners: The Modern Alternative

Clear aligners—like Invisalign, ClearCorrect, or other brands—have become a popular choice for teens and adults due to their subtle appearance and convenience.

How they work:

A 3D scan or impression of your teeth is taken.
A custom treatment plan is created, mapping out how each tooth will move.
A series of clear plastic trays (aligners) are created. Each tray is worn for about 1–2 weeks before switching to the next in the series.

Aligners must be worn for 20–22 hours per day to be effective and are only removed for eating, drinking (except water), brushing, and flossing. They’re best suited for mild to moderate misalignments, though advancements in technology are expanding their capabilities.

Other Orthodontic Options

While braces and aligners are the most common, other devices are sometimes used in specific situations:

Lingual Braces

These are similar to traditional braces, but the brackets and wires are placed on the back (lingual side) of the teeth, making them virtually invisible. However, they can be harder to clean and may take time to get used to.

Palatal Expanders

Used mainly in children, these widen the upper jaw to make room for incoming teeth or correct crossbites.

Headgear or Elastics

These may be prescribed alongside braces to correct jaw positioning or bite issues. Though less commonly used today, they can be essential in some treatment plans.

The Orthodontic Process: What to Expect

Initial Consultation
Your orthodontist will assess your teeth and jaw using X-rays, photos, and impressions or digital scans.
Treatment Planning
A personalized treatment plan is developed based on your goals and needs. You’ll also learn which treatment options are best for your case.
Appliance Placement
Your braces or aligners are fitted. You’ll receive instructions on cleaning, maintenance, and what to expect.
Monitoring Progress
Regular check-ups are scheduled to ensure progress and make adjustments if needed.
Retention
After treatment, retainers are used to keep your teeth in their new positions and prevent shifting.

Orthodontic treatment is both a science and an art. Whether through traditional braces, clear aligners, or other appliances, the goal is always the same: to give you a healthier, more confident smile. With modern technology and a variety of treatment options, straightening your teeth has never been more accessible or comfortable.

If you’re considering orthodontic treatment, consult a licensed orthodontist to explore your best options and start your journey toward a better smile.